This new, “revolutionary” product had quickly become popular and gained notoriety for one of its ingredients, DMAA. DMHA benefits include: Increased energy expenditure;. That was the extent of the side effects for me. USP. We earn a commission if you click this link and make a purchase at no additional cost to you. Flavor: (Required) Quantity: Description. Due to its high potency, it can drastically boost performance and exercise capacity. 0, as well as into so-called "party pills," purported to temporarily increase mental and physical function. Geen suikers 2. Our last Mesomorph comparison is with another infamous OG pre workout Jack3d. Jack3d DMAA + DMHA USP Labs. N. Read More AVAILABLE. Jack3d is part of our top 2019 best pre workouts. Caffeine helps increase alertness and energy, beta-alanine may reduce muscle fatigue, creatine supports muscle power, and L-arginine is thought to improve blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. 99 out of 5 based on 129 customer ratings. Effects : - Boost of energy. 2g beta alanine, 6g citrulline malate, 2. USP Labs. DMAA was awesome for me 50-100mg pre workout. The. 250g box/ OLD FORMULA / old version / OFF. Delivery price. Jack3d’deki ana bileşen olarak, DMAA ölümler için suçlandı. One things for sure, i'm not using pre-workout. USPLabs knows this better than anyone. 79. USP Labs Jack3d 248 g od 496 Kč - Heureka. 90 € incl. † USPLabs has proven in 7 different studies that Jack3d is in fact safe when used properly by healthy individuals. The support of the Jack3d Booster can be slightly reduced to facilitate the use of the ultra-concentrated inhalers. They are used for for increased metabolism and they strengthen your immune system. DMAA has a very strong effect on the human body, it stimulates both physically and mentally. ALL NATURAL BABY 01-03-2014, 05:53 PM #6. 3 Dimethylamylamine & HCl…. But DHMA is not good for my stomach and makes me feel weird after it. DMAA: 100 mg. Bodybuilders swear by the energy and stamina it provides. Dark Labs CRACK. The mix 350mg caf / 100 mg DMHA / 50 mg DMAA is amazing. Take something that will give you energy before a workout, take something that will give you protein afterwards. The most famous examples of DMAA-based products being pulled by the FDA were OxyElite Pro and Jack3d from the brand USPLabs. Jack3d is the preferred pre-workout of bodybuilders and power lifters and is one of the strongest pre-workouts ever to hit the market. DMAA 1. Jack3d Pre Workout works primarily by utilizing its key ingredients to target different aspects of exercise performance. Infinite-Confusion00. 2 grams is the typical dosage, but paired with the other stims, this pre workout works like a charm. 8-ounce containers for $44. Like Mesomorph, Jack3d previously featured DMAA. . Taste: Add to cart. chemist Patrick Arnold formulated a pre-workout which contained a new ingredient called DMAA (dimethylamylamine). Many people use dietary supplements containing DMAA as pre-workout energy boosters. Crack drew attention with the bold inclusion of 120 mg of DMAA on its ingredient label. These pre-workout and thermogenic supplements increase metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure and the body’s heat production. The supplement is called Jack3d (pronounced Jacked), but the ingredient that users say sets it apart from other pre-workout supplements is 1,3. ReplyAPS Mesomorph 388g V1 APS. Our last Mesomorph comparison is with another infamous OG pre workout Jack3d. 2023. DMAA is not a. Not sure if its even available nowadays, since I've tapered off PWOs. I still remember waking up at 5 am. Discount codes: LIFTVAULT15 = 15% off at Muscle. Jack'd Up - Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals - Pre Workout. USPLabs Jack3d Reformulated. Star Nutrition Ultimate PWO has 6000mg L-citrulline malate, 3000mg beta-alanine, 300mg caffeine, and has good taste. Dark Energy does a great job with that. 4. Although legal in the. Also Jack3D was a bit overhyped. Don't waste your money again on a pre. Ah yes ripper. Took my pre-workout. Jack 3d Booster with DMAA is the most intense Pre Workout product: The Jack 3D Booster is simply the most intense Pre Workout product you’ve ever used! The strength of power and focus by the Jack 3d Booster is perfect! The muscle pumping effects and the vascularity are out of control! But most importantly, you feel great during the entire workout. University-Studied Fat Burner. 4. Released by Polish. *Supplement Facts are based on 3 scoop serving. Taste. Jack3D Original DMAA HCL is a proved fast acting and a cheaper booster available in the market. DMAA has been since replaced by 150mg Of 2-aminoisoheptane. Some call it the holy grail of banned pre-workouts, and others cower in fear of its awesome, meth-like powers. 2-amino-5-methylheptane. Old Jack completely flips this, providing 45 servings for around $35… Just like the original Jack3d! Similar Products. 5 hours, in healthy adults who have no particular sensitivities or tolerances to any of the. 1,3-Dimethylamylamine, also known as DMAA or geranium extract, is a stimulant commonly found in pre-workout supplements. Probably the most legendary Pre Workout Booster on the market!Bottom Line. [deleted] • 5 yr. APS Mesomorph V4 is a workout booster, that will help you experience new levels of strength and endurance. Dust X remains one of our top selling pre workout supplements. Within this review, we’ll be covering the following information: Important information. true. It's definitely a performance enhancer and will give you that feeling of the old Jack3d. Alpha Yohimbine: 5 mg. DMAA-containing products are considered the strongest pre-workout formulas on the market. Used a full scoop. Jack3d Ingredients and How They Work. Dark Energy pre workout is sold by a company called Magnitude Life Sciences. USPlabs. It's very similar to DMAA (expert sources say around 90% the potency of the latter). Probably the Legend for Workout Booster on the market! US Edition with DMAA & HCl / Jack3d For Workout Booster Original. Typically, DMAA pre workouts are nearly $50 for a lousy 20 servings. 90 € incl. AssBlaster_69 • Bodybuilding • 7 yr. We create the best proposal for Pre workout with Dmaa. S. The original Jack3D had DMAA in it. 1. Jack3d micro does not have dmaa, the original jack3d still 100% has dmaa in it. 54. Home. In the original they called dmaa “Geranium extract” but they say “To use Geranium Extract, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals removes the currently litigated DMAA from the extract, and use the rest of the unargued alkaloids. It has a TON of different names but here’s a short list of the common ones used: ( 2) 1,5-Dimethylhexylamine. In 2012 the Unite State Army removed two dietary supplements containing the dietary supplement Dimethylamylamine, also known as DMAA from all military bases. Crack or crack gold is really solid. 📩 Automatically receive MPMD articles when they are published: (Gorilla. 99, is the "subject of 2 peer-reviewed published clinical research studies" and "voted #1 pre-workout. Both amazing for mental focus and drive! The lipodrene is cheaper and will give you the same effects of a pre workout with the added benefits of fat Loss! redshadow1136 • 6 yr. Core Labs X Hyper Power 388g. DMAA is a stimulant sometimes used in pre-workout sports supplements to give people the feeling of extra energy or an adrenaline-like high. pro ducts/psychotic-gold-1104. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) this morning named Jack3d and, “all other DMAA containing products. 95 — or $ 37. There are two tested and recommended sources for DMAA. DMAA, short for 1,3-dimethylamylamine, is a potent central nervous system stimulant that was once a popular ingredient in pre-workout supplements and weight loss products. The court also admitted that DMAA is found. Here are a few. • 2 yr. USPlabs, önerilen dozu takip edenlerden. I honestly think they must have had more DMAA, because Jack'd Up has slightly less of a punch. Jack3d Pre-Workout – Fruit Punch – USP Labs. Wicked Pre-workout Review (2021) – DMAA Pre-Workout. Jack3d® pre-workout gives users much more than expected in terms of energy, focus and powerful muscle pumps. CRACK pre workout is a DMAA pre-workout released in 2019 by Polish supplement company Dark Labs. Jack3d Pre-workout is niet zomaar een energiedrankje, het is speciaal ontworpen om spiergroei en uithoudingsvermogen te ondersteunen. 1. Hey lads, I’ve created my own supplement company in Australia this year, and I wanted to show you my first product! Sixth Sense Pre-Workout! If anyone’s interested in it you can find it at afterlifesupplements. Attention: very potent!. Let’s take them one by one. That's a quote from supplement warehouse who carries it. No other pre-workout since USP Labs Jack3d has came back with such positive reviews than this product from APS Nutrition. Higher blood pressure, tachycardia, stroke (in case of a significant excess of the recommended dose) Dry mouth. 80,00 €. Edit: Most pre's these days won't label it on the front. Black Mamba 65 Ephedra DMAA Fat Burner is a hardcore AAA complex that causes hyper-rush. The crackdown came after the well-publicized deaths of two soldiers in 2011. RuescoSupplements • 2 mo. The following studies include DMAA within the dietary supplement known as Jack3D (containing a blend of DMAA, caffeine, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine monohydrate, beta alanine. Siloví športovci pri. VAT. On August 30, 2019, three judges in a panel from the 11th Circuit’s Court of Appeals upheld the District Court’s decision that despite having been found in nature several times, DMAA is not a Dietary Supplement per the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). I would even go so far as to say it was the strongest pre-workout ever. And are for an extension of your airways. It is a supplement that provides energy, helps to increase endurance and focus during training, which makes it an ideal choice for people who want to improve their. There were times where I was in the gym and taken 50 mg DMAA, usually with caffeine, and was having a terrible workout, in terms of strength,( due to poor sleep, nutrition, etc. It’s a reworking of a product that was discontinued in 2013 because of the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) ban on 1,3-Dimethylamylamine HCl. Reviews (0) Shipping & Delivery. Anxiety. What is the Forbidden pre-workout? The term “forbidden pre-workout” is a TikTok trend about the power of using heartbreak, despair, and emotional turmoil instead of traditional pre-workout supplements. A DMAA Pre workout is a pre workout supplement containing DMAA (1,3 Dimethylamylamine), a potent amphetamine derivative. It's very similar to DMAA (expert sources say around 90% the potency of the latter). Raw DMAA (1,3 Dimethylamylamine - Geranium Extract) Jack3d Pre-Workout. It's really powerful and it gives a ton of energy, however, there is one downside to it, the crash. Ingredients list. We are proffesional seller and we have the best konwoledge about hardcore supplemets. 1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant existing in various pre-workout supplements and often labelled as part of geranium plants. Pe partea de pompare observam prezenta citrulinei (din pacate doar 2 grame. The drink Jack3D contains a stimulant known as DMAA. Mesomorph by APS Nutrition is the complete pre-workout that has earned the spot of the #1 ranked pre-workout on the market as it contains full clinical dosage amounts of ingredients that matter with NO unwanted fillers! Read More. For decent DMHA maybe try Hypd Supps Yolo, Muscle Force Defiant Unleashed, or Phase One Prephase. When it comes to DMHA and DMBA, there are a few pre workouts that contain both. Agmatine Sulfate: 1,500 mg. 11. Pre-workout is a generic term for a range of bodybuilding supplement products used by athletes and weightlifters to enhance athletic performance. Jack3d Advanced é a nova fórmula do antigo Jack3d sem o DMAA e muito mais poderosa! Exclusividade Jacaré Suplementos. “It was strong as FUCK,” he adds, “and gave you an incredible workout experience”. ) yet I was enjoying every single fucking moment. Act fast before it's gone. 1 spoon coffee, one spoon sugar (for insulin very usefull in heavy workout. € 55,00 € 39,90 incl. Best. This would not be considered a daily driver; meaning not for everyday use. After hearing the buzz about it at her local gym, Claire thought it could give her a boost during the marathon. I cant half scoop it as its in a pill form. 99. Die Verwendung und Dosierung von Pre-Workout Boostern erfolgt ausschließlich auf eigene Verantwortung. KJ Labs - Smash AMF. Jack3d od USP Labs v novej vylepšenej verzii DMAA + DMHA je jednou z najznámejšou a rokmi overenou hardcore predtréningovkou pre tie najťažšie tréningy! Jack3d DMAA + DMHA zvyšuje vytrvalosť, silu, focus, spôsobuje masívnu pumpu a odďaľuje svalovú únavu počas tvrdých tréningov. The formula is a proprietary blend of Creatine Monohydrate, Caffeine,. FREE delivery Mon, Oct 30. 3. Massive pump and focus by taking DMHA supplements. In other words its an intense training aid enhanced with Geranium. 49 with Subscribe & Save discount. Ingredients list. 92 to $60. It has been linked to side-effects including high blood pressure, headaches. OxyElite Pro with DMAA and Jack3D. The product Jack3d gained notoriety for its potency,. It now contains DMHA, which is 100% legal to be sold and consumed in the United States. The real stuff came in the chemical form 1,3 dimethylamylamine which at first was being used in tiny amounts in the likes of Jack3d and oxy elite pro. Buy cheap Jack3d Pre Workout Booster with DMAA / HCL. Their products, Jack3d. 90. Jack3d was released around 2010, when DMAA was new to consumers and so it was misused and. PRICE: $39. Geen calorieën 3. According to court filings, 9 it was later discovered that he had taken a performance-enhancing supplement called Jack3d, bought at a GNC store on the base. DocAndreas. 99 with Subscribe & Save discount. The product Jack3d gained notoriety for its potency, but its high concentrations of DMAA were suspected of causing shortness of breath, chest pain, and an elevated risk of heart attacks. It's an intense training aid enhanced with Geranium extract as well as DHMA. The advanced pre-workout formula is based on high-quality ingredients with stimulating, pumping effects, enhancing workout endurance, intensifying fat burning. 05 / month. Jack3d Advanced é o novo segredo da USPLabs, após vários meses de espera finalmente foi lançado nos EUA e no Brasil o. Jack3d USPlabs/NutraPlanet 1,3-Dimethylamylamine (Geranium [Stem]) Kamikadze Extreme Pump Warrior Labz 1,3-Dim. I also have some original jack3d with dmaa that expired 4/14. This happened after the company refused to voluntarily comply with FDA orders. Have you heard people talk about "The Old Jack3d". APS Mesomorph V4 is a workout booster, that will help you experience new levels of strength and endurance. Magnitude Life Sciences Dark Energy is a great pre workout for smooth energy and focus. VAT. Strongest Pre-Workout Overall: Transparent Labs BULK Black. Ultimate Pre-Workout Matrix - USP Labs Jack3d with DMHA Original Formula Back and better than ever with a brand-new and improved. It's very simple. Actually there's far fewer than before. So yeah. A synthetically produced stimulant drug called "DMAA" has found its way into body building supplements like USP Labs Jack3d and Scivation Quake 10. Jack3d Pre Workout works primarily by utilizing its key ingredients to target different aspects of exercise performance. Workout Programs. Pre-workout Nutrition Fitness and Nutrition comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment [deleted] • Additional comment actions. 2K+ bought in past month. Nu este nevoie de multă cafeină, ca in produsele pre-workout obisnuite, intrucat aveti o cantitate destul de mare dintr-un stimulent mult mai puternic si mai potent. You won’t get stronger or more intense than these 9. » The supplement is called Jack3d (pronounced jacked), but the ingredient users say sets it apart from other pre-workout supplements is 1,3 dimethylamylamine — or DMAA. A few of the more popular substances that contain DMAA Are: Jack3d by USPlabs; OxyELITE Pro - UPSlabs; HydroxyStim by MuscleTech; Matador Extreme Energy;DMAA Geranium 60mg USA Supplements LLC. The supplement is called Jack3d (pronounced Jacked), but the ingredient that users say sets it apart from other pre-workout supplements is 1,3 dimethylamylamine - or DMAA. czIs anyone aware of the active dose of DMAA and beta alanine in Jack3d? I recently bought 250g of each and will be creating my own. Anything with 1,3 DMAA will work more than fine. The U. DMAA was a common ingredient in certain pre-workout supplements & some thermogenic fat burners. However, many of these products, as well as other smaller brands can still be. $2999 ($2. Increases fat burning through the ingredient of yohimbine. From then on, DMAA use ceased to exist. Benefits of Jack3d DMAA + DMHA USP Labs: For maximum energy during training. Did you even research what dmaa is abbreviated for cause it says meth right there in the name. De belangrijkste ingrediënten in Jack3d zijn onder andere creatine, schizandrol A, geraniumextract, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate en DMAA (2-Aminoisoheptane of DMHA). 25/10. Couldn't navigate my own home effectively, called an ambulance. Does Jack3D have DMAA?DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine) is a stimulant that has been used in some pre-workout supplements. Peoples reaction, "ohh no, how am I going to train without my Jack3d, Mesomorph, 1MR, Napalm etc etc. 📩 Automatically receive MPMD articles when they are published: (Gorilla. Thanks everyone with the clarification. Add to cart. 3 Scoop serving size to Dial in your Dosage. Has antibacterial and antifungal. ”According to the FDA, DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine) is an amphetamine derivative that has often been used as an active ingredient in various sports supplements including preworkouts, diet pills, etc. A strong reformulated version, of corse with the absence of the now illegal DMAA, is still sure to please users who appreciate some serious kick to their pre-workout. We will focus on these two additional ingredients here. Look in the ingredients of any pwo for 1,3dimethl something something. This dosage is significantly higher than what is typically included in DMAA pre workouts (typically 60 mg to 75 mg). It's been my go-to DMAA pre. The safest and best pre-workout supplements are enriched with a unique formula to guarantee. Once it hits, Crack delivers on the promise of intense pumps, mood elevation, and energy that will stay with you for 4-5 hours. Despite these restrictions, the drug itself is still legal for consumption. . Jack3d pre workout. While APS Nutrition doesn’t call it 1,3 DMAA, it’s called by its other names Geranaburn (1,3-Dimethylamylamine HCL). 45 ± 1. So buy some Dark Labs - Crack. Immediately after that event, warning letters went out to all supplement manufactures using DMAA in their products. 54. I have never used DMAA on its own, however it was in two pre-workouts that I used (Mesomorph and Dust Extreme). They also released a new reformulated version of their popular Oxy Elite Pro without DMAA (we still carry both formulas and get both formulas). Even so, there are still a lot of good things in it. Strongest Pre-Workout for Focus: Onnit Alpha Brain Pre-Workout. This is the legendary pre-workout supplement in which valued dmha was used as the first on the market, with enormous potency, which made it definitely one of the most popular products in the world. Tub size/serving count. . The U. I live in Germany and got my hands on Mesomorph which contains 1,3 DMAA and Doomsday which has ,in my opinion, an even better effect. Jack3d se tornou um sucesso de vendas, tanto aqui no Brasil como no exterior. Yes, Jack3d is still being made but with DMHA. Do this the first 3 times using the product. Last month, a coroner in Britain cited the stimulant in the death of Claire Squires, 30, who took Jack3d before running the London Marathon last year, collapsed late in the race and died. Ripper is very high stim due to the three yohimbine. DMAA – Dimethylamylamine Review Summary. ago. A single tub of Crack Pre Workout for one scoop provides 40 scoops featuring ~8 grams of active ingredients per scoop. Crack, Crack Gold, and Flame are all good. But there have been (and still are) preWOs on the market that contain DMAA but are not proprietary. Dark Labs Crack is pretty good. APS Mesomorph Pre-Workout. DMAA pre-workout is a supplement containing 1,3 Dimethylamylamine, an uber-strong amphetamine derivative. Best DMAA Pre-Workout Supplements Crack Pre Workout. 700+ bought in past month. I'm trying to figure out if there is still any preworkout on the market that still contains the legendary DMAA. 150-200mg a day gave me a very euphoric mood, very social, and massive amounts of ASMR from wind, lifting weights, and especially music. Despite the increasing knowledge of the dangers of pre-workout supplements containing DMAA, the product can still be purchased—even at GNC stores. In May 2022, Dark Labs. Jack3d with DMAA and DMHA by USP Labs. ”The best measure of a pre-workout for me is actual gym progress, IE: more weight, more reps, longer sessions etc. What Is Jack'd Up? Jack’D Up is the Ultimate Pre-Workout formula and can be compared to the original Jack3D. Detalhes. 4 × 4 × 6 in. This article gives you everything you need to know about the research product. The euphoria on jack3d was another level. 39. In and of itself it is not illegal. 4. DMHA pre-workout supplements contain a powerful stimulant & fat burner. Act fast before it's gone. Caffeine helps increase alertness and energy, beta-alanine may reduce muscle fatigue, creatine supports muscle power, and L-arginine is thought to improve blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. It is in a pill tho and no beta alanine. We know finding the perfect pre workout is hard. Not sure if it’s the DMAA stuff others have mentioned or not but that stuff was awesome, easily my favorite pre-workout I’ve ever tried. "Jack3d Pre Workout works primarily by utilizing its key ingredients to target different aspects of exercise performance. You've tried other pre-workouts, but they just don't cut it after a while. DMHA grew in popularity as DMAA faced increasing scrutiny in many countries and DMAA pre workouts became. APS Mesomorph V4 DMHA + DMAA. 69. I would even go so far as to say it was the strongest pre-workout ever. One subject was excluded from the data analysis due to abnormal DMAA levels. 5g glycerol monostearate, 3. Id avoid it though, the DMAA in it responsible for the crazy energy is an adaptive CNA stimulant (very easy to develop a dependency and very severe once you do) and a vasoconstrictor (decreases delivery of oxygen and nutrients via blood flow, meaning less gains). Now I just order pure DMAA and add it to whatever pre-workout I happen to have + 2 caffeine pills. When you start a fitness routine or a new sport, your ultimate goal is to achieve excellence. - No wear (I go to my muscle failure on the bench without sign of wearness before, on the end of training) - Good mood ++. Die besten DMAA-Booster 2023 im Überblick. S. With its new and improved formula, Jack3d aims to deliver even better results than before. 90. link…Australian authorities have banned the sports supplement ingredient DMAA because of its’ potentially lethal side-effects. 5 to 2. Hemo Shock by GeneTech Pharma Labs is a DMAA pre workout which combines four proprietary blends for what it calls the “ultimate” in supplementation. 55 grams), up to a total of 2 full scoops. A Web summary with an earlier version of this article incorrectly described Jack3d. It's generally safe, as long as you don't push yourself. It is packed with 3. Strength. Much of the controversy stemmed from the popularity of the original Jack3d pre workout, which contained DMAA and sparked warning letters from the FDA in 2013. Reports of health problems. 95. Add to cart. ago. The deliveries were quick and the prices were fine. Amelia Hill. This trend started gaining popularity on TikTok in May 2022, but has been spotted as early as December 2021. Shortly after that it was in almost every formula. Many bodybuilders and strength athletes like 1,3-DMAA because it boosts performance, burns fat, and acts as a powerful stimulant. Geen maltodextrine 4. Original formula Jack3d Pre-Workout from USP Labs is back and better than ever! Jack3d makes its comeback with a new formula powered with DMHA, caffeine, and other powerful stimulants that will give you all the energy you need, without causing you to crash. Yohimbe is a common herb used in many sports supplements as well as male vitality supplements. This is because DMAA works with caffeine and other ingredients to raise energy levels, improve physical performance, enhance fat oxidation, improve focus, etc. The 2022 version of Jack3d has all of the same ingredients as the original except: the DMAA has been. Get insane energy, drive, and focus. The one I've used is called Atomic Bomb and none of the "main" retailers sell it. It requires a label highlighting the dosage in this formula. Jack3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon. Hydrazine by hydrapharm, no doubt. Beta Alanine, DMAA 1,3 Dimethylamylamine geranaburn, eliminates toxins, strengthens the immune system. In this article, here’s what I’ll cover: Why Was Jack3d Banned? My Jack3d Review New Jack3d Ingredients USPLabs Jack3d - 250 Grams - Pre Workout. 90 € 48. This e-mail just landed in my inbox, courtesy Europa Sports (supplement distributors): Dallas, TX – April 16, 2013 – USPlabs stands by the safety and legality of its products containing the dietary ingredient 1,3-DMAA. Greg’s pre workout. Original jack3d and oxy elite pro made me. 10. 2. DMAA is a sympathomimetic drug, meaning that it works by stimulating the sympathetic nervous. If you want a DMAA pre workout, this is likely your best overall pick. 44. S. Ingredients include citrulline malate, arginine AKG, beta-alanine, taurine, creatine monohydrate, agmatine sulphate, creatine nitrate, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), DMAA 1. What Is Jack3d? Jack3d is an intense powder pre workout by USP Labs. In this blog post, we will. 5 Ounce (Pack of 1) 6,532. anyone with an even overly damaged brain knows that any ". 90 € 38.